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Kalidas Shinde

kalidasmsw@gmail.com

31st August Vimukt Day news in Prahar news paper

Recommendations for Denotified and Nomadic Tribes

The Working Group Draft Recommendations

The Draft Recommendations are organized into five broad categories

1. Legislative action

2. Policy input

3. Institutional arrangements

4. Programmatic/ schematic strengthening and targeting

5. Administrative measures

It is also clarified that these recommendations would need to be implemented by various Ministries of the Government of India and the State Governments.

3.1 Legislative action

a)      Introduce a new legislation on the lines of the 1992 Statute on Minorities so that the Denotified Communities can be explicitly recognized.

b)      Introduce a new legislation: similar in scope and spirit to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 in order to deal with different kinds of offences and atrocities against the DNTs.

c)       Abolish the Habitual Offenders’ Act, 1952. This Act which is similar in spirit to the repealed Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 should be abolished as a first step towards de-criminalization of DNTs and prevention of atrocities by police.

d)      Revisit existing Acts: to ensure that the safety and livelihood opportunities of DNT communities are protected and promoted adequately.

• The Prevention of Begging Act 1959: Re-examine definitions relating to criminalization of certain categories of DNTs.
• The Bombay Prevention of Begging Act 1959: Re-examine this and similar laws in urban areas all over the country that target street performing nomadic communities such as acrobats, tight rope walkers, dancers and singers.
• Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1986: Re-examine provisions of this Act that prohibit nomadic communities to engage in street entertainment with the help of animals like bears, monkeys, birds, snakes etc.
• Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980: Re-examine provisions that have adversely affected forest and DNT communities. Rules prohibiting grazing of cattle; collection of forest produce, fishing in the forest ponds, hunting of small game for their food requirements, growing of staple food through shifting cultivation by nomadic communities need to be reviewed.
• Excise laws: Revisit provisions in excise laws that prevent brewing and selling of traditional liquor.

3.2 Policy input

Special DNT sub-plan: A special package and sub-plan is needed for the socio-economic empowerment of the DNTs. The Sub Plan should have due safeguards against diversion or non-utilisation of funds.

3.3 Institutional arrangements

An empowered Inter-Ministerial Standing Task Force (STF) for DNTs to be chaired by Home Minister be created.

a)      Grievance redressal and monitoring: A senior officer (serving or retired belonging to the Police or other services) should be designated in every state and made responsible for recording cases of atrocities against DNTs. This Officer should report periodically to the state government as well as to the State or National Human Rights Commission.

b)      Representation: At least one member in the National Human Rights Commission and the State Human Rights Commission should be drawn from the DNTs.

3.4 Programmatic/ schematic strengthening and targeting

3.4.1 SC/ST/OBCs among DNTs shall receive all benefits for which SC/ST and OBCs are entitled:

All benefits that accrue to SC, ST and OBC communities should be extended to SC/ST and OBCs among DNT communities. More specifically, these would include the following:

·         DNT students should receive government scholarships and education support

·         Pre and post-matric scholarships should be provided to DNT children

3.4.2 Expand and improve livelihoods

New programmes and schemes need to designed, and on-going ones strengthened to enable improved livelihoods for DNT communities.

a)      Design and marketing support for crafts producers:

• The KVIC promoted cluster development programmes should consciously include and promote the crafts of the nomadic and denotified communities.
• Government agencies that promote cottage and small scale industries be encouraged to design special schemes for DNTs so that the traditional skills of DNTs get further sharpened and expanded to manufacture products for which market demand exists.

b)      Traditional performers:

·         Central and state governments, through the Ministry of Tourism, could promote communities engaged in performing arts such as singing, dancing, theatre, playing musical instruments, puppetry etc. The community members can also be employed as guides for tourists inside the forests.

c)       Forest dependent DNTs

·         The traditional knowledge of DNTs on flora and plant life in forests can be used for conservation of species. This knowledge can also be used for conservation of forests and collection of minor forest produce by the government.

d)      Rehabilitation

·         Alternative viable livelihood options need to be promoted with suitable skill development and training of the younger members of the community. A special programme for rehabilitation of DNTs forced into crimes like brewing illicit liquor could be considered.

3.4.3 Rehabilitation of forest communities

a)      Steps should be taken to urgently rehabilitate traditional forest based DNTs, 19 of whom were named by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in Revised Guidelines for the Ongoing Centrally Sponsored Scheme Of Project Tiger (dated February, 2008, section 4.6). These are communities involved in traditional hunting, and living around tiger reserves and tiger corridors.” Apart from these 19, many more similar communities exist in forests which should be immediately identified for rehabilitation.

b)      Strict administrative vigilance should be established to prevent women and girls of these communities falling prey to trafficking, bonded labour and child labour after eviction or displacement from the forests.

c)       Pastoral DNTs who are evicted on account of preservation of forest or establishment of protected areas and sanctuaries face severe problems for livelihoods. Apart from the rehabilitation provided for hunter-gatherers and shifting cultivator communities, the following special needs should be addressed for pastoral DNTs:

·         Forest rights of pastoralists like grazing rights and rights concerning water for the animals should be recognized.

·         Sheep, goat and camel should be included in the government.s “useful animal” list so that the community can draw the benefits attached to husbanding useful animals.

·         Pastoral DNTs should be encouraged to form their own cooperatives and provided with financial assistance, animal insurance, animal breeding technology, veterinary services, medicines and marketing of animal produce.

3.4.4 Mainstreaming DNTs into on-going programmes & schemes:

a)      Education: Special efforts should be made to impart education to children of nomadic DNTs through residential schools. Special drive is needed to enrol and retain girl children in schools and hostels. Concessional loans and skill development programmes should be provided for DNTs, through National Scheduled Castes Finance and Development Corporation and National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation. NGOs running awareness campaign and vocational training centres for DNTs should be provided with financial assistance.

b)      Health services: State governments should consider introduction of mobile dispensaries to provide health services to nomadic communities.

c)       ICDS: Balwadis, anganwadis and creches should be provided on a priority basis for DNT communities.

d)      Child labour: NCPCR should have a special focus on the children of DNTs who are more prone to child labour.

e)      Trafficking of women and children: State Commissions on Women should focus on women and girl children of DNTs who are victims of large scale trafficking due to loss of livelihoods. Alternative employment should be provided for such women to make them less vulnerable to trafficking.

f)       Women and girls: DNT women should be given priority while providing loans, training, asset building, land distribution, etc. Women among DNT communities are economically active and are frequently the only breadwinners for the entire family. Special attention should be paid by MCWD to health, education and protection of the girl child.

g)      MGNREGA: Concerned panchayats must be made responsible for implementing MGNREGA for the benefit of DNT communities. The requirement for permanent address should be made flexible. Wage employment under MGNREGA should be provided on priority to the homeless. Opening of a bank account or a post office account for disbursement of MGNREGA wages should be made possible even for those with temporary habitations, or for homeless DNTs.

h)      NRLM: Self-employment for DNTs must be encouraged under the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM).

i)        MPLADS: It is recommended that 10% of MPLAD/MLA/MCCLAD funds should be earmarked separately for DNT inhabited areas.

j)        Old Age Pension: The State Governments should take measures to identify DNTs for assistance under Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme.

k)      Banking Services: Banks and Post Offices should be advised to evolve simple guidelines for opening of DNT bank accounts and give them the benefits of their financial inclusion programmes. Banks need to be advised to earmark an appropriate percentage of priority sector lending for DNTs. The Department of Financial Services should add „DNTs as notified by the State Governments. as a distinct category in the list of weaker sections eligible for priority sector lending.

3.4.5 Shelter and infrastructure development programmes

1. Conduct a nation-wide survey of DNT settlements whether temporary or permanent. This could form the basis for introducing a suitable shelter programme for houseless DNTs.
2. Free or subsidized housing may be provided to eligible DNT households in a phased manner – adopting special measures like Rajasthan.s Gadaria Lohar community housing scheme.
3. Given the high incidence of homelessness among DNTs, a proportion of the current outlay for Indira Awaas Yojana could be earmarked for DNTs during the XII. DNTs could be assisted financially to construct dwelling units by receiving priority under the on-going housing programmes of the Central Government.
4. Homeless nomadic fishing communities could be resettled, as far as possible, close to the dams and reservoirs, so they can continue their traditional occupation.
5. An Integrated Infrastructural Development Programme could be specially designed to provide basic amenities such as road, school, electricity, drinking water, community centres, etc. in the existing settlements of nomadic and denotified tribes.

3.5 Administrative Measures

3.5.1 Statutory enumeration of DNTs:

A process for enumeration and classification of DNTs should be established as a first step towards identification of persons belonging to DNT communities. DNTs should be given special focus in the caste census as well as priority in the issuing of UID cards. Special directions in this regard need to be issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (HUPA) for urban areas and by the Ministry of Rural Development for Rural areas. These include:

a.       Listings: States unaware of the existence of nomadic communities should refer to the provisional lists of nomadic communities prepared by the National Commission on Denotified and Nomadic Tribes to enable identification of communities. Homeless communities should be particularly included in the caste census. Definition of ‘residence’ and ‘address’ should be made non-conventional and flexible to include everyone who is physically living in a given area. Pastoral and ex-hunter gatherer communities should receive special attention due to geographical isolation

b.      Orientation of enumerators: Officials conducting the caste census should be specifically instructed to look for, and visit, the temporary habitations of these communities outside villages and towns. Census officers require suitable orientation and briefing so as not to be influenced by any local prejudices. Enumerators should seek help of local bodies and community leaders from the DNT communities to ensure collection of information. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting should ensure effective communication for the enumeration of DNTs.

c.       Issuing caste certificates and other identity cards: The district administration must pro-actively issue caste certificates, birth and death certificates to DNTs in the district. A caste certificate is a pre-requisite if DNTs are to receive, at minimum, entitlements that SCs, STs or OBCs get. Special drive should be conducted to provide DNTs with Voter Identity Cards, BPL Cards, Ration Cards, MGNREGS Job cards etc., on a campaign mode. During this process, Pastoral and ex-hunter forest communities should be given special attention due to their geographical isolation.

3.5.2 Police sensitization and training:

a.       Special training of the subordinate staff since the interface of the DNTs is generally with Head Constables and Sub-inspectors.

b.      Sensitization training modules and workshops at the National Police Academy and Lal Bahadur Shastri Academy.

c.       Engagement of the police in the implementation of development and welfare programmes for DNTs as a way of understanding their vulnerabilities rather than focusing on their criminality.

d.      Visible and exemplary disciplinary action should be taken against police officials who violate due process of law by detaining members of DNT communities in jail without convictions, torture, extorting bribes and so on.

e.      Special cells should be set up to enable women of the DNTs to come forward and complain in case of sexual harassment. Strict procedures (like in juvenile courts, presence of a lady constable, etc.) should be followed by the police while dealing with women and children of these communities in police custody.

3.5.3 Prevention of Atrocities

A vigorous national campaign is needed to inform the DNT communities about their rights as SC/ST/OBC and to inform the public that violence/discrimination against these communities and violations of their human rights is punishable under law. The campaign could inform the DNT communities about a helpline or an address in each region in case of harassment, discrimination or violence.

3.5.4 Forest Rights:

a.       Forest officials should be sensitised on the unique history, culture and livelihood patterns of the DNTs.

b.      The rights of nomadic communities who have been relocated from forests should be given land titles while implementing the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006.

c.       The law and order machinery should be instructed not to brand DNTs as Naxals in the Leftwing Extremist districts (especially in Orissa) because of their earlier ‘criminal tribe’ status.

d.      Strict disciplinary actions be taken against forest officials who harass the ex-hunting communities whenever an endangered animal is poached or found dead.

e.      Women and girls of DNTs be given special protection from sexual harassment as they work in remote and isolated parts of forests. Action be taken against forest guards and officials who indulge in sexual harassment.

Maharashtra State Public Services (Reservation For Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-Notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes/Special Backward Category And Other Backward Classes) Act, 2001

Maharashtra State Public Services (Reservation For Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-Notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes/Special Backward Category And Other Backward Classes) Act, 2001 (Mah. Act No. VIII of 2004) [ 22nd January, 2004 ] An Act to provide for the reservation of vacancies in public services and posts in favour of the persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Special Backward Category and Other Backward Classes of Citizens and for matters connected therewith or incident thereto. WHEREAS, it is expedient to provide for the reservation of vacancies in public services and posts in favour of the persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Special Backward Category and Other Backward Classes of Citizens and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto; it is hereby enacted in the fifty-second year of the Republic of India as follows:- 1. Short title, extent and Commencement :- (1) This Act may be called the Maharashtra State Public Services (Reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-Notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes/Special Backward Category and Other Backward Classes) Act, 2001. (2) It shall extend to the whole of the State of . (3) It shall come into force on such date as the State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint. 2. Definitions :- In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, (a) "appointing authority" in relation to public services and posts means the authority empowered to make appointment to such services or posts; (b) "De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis)" means the Tribes declared as such by the Government from time to time; (c) "establishment" means any office of the Government or of a local authority or statutory authority constituted under any Act of the State Legislature for the time being in force, or a University or a company, a corporation or a Co-operative Society in which share capital is held by the Government or any Government aided Institutions. Explanation For the purposes of this clause the expression "Government aided institutions" shall also include institutions or industries which have been given either prior to coming into force of this Act or thereafter, aid in the form of Government land at concessional rates or any other monetary concessions by Government, or is recognised, licenced, supervised or controlled by Government; (d) "Government" means the Government of Maharashtra; (e) "Group 'A', 'B', 'C' or 'D', as the case may be, as classified by Government by issuing general or special orders issued in this behalf, from time to time; (f) "Nomadic Tribes" means the tribes wandering from place to place in search of their livelihood as declared by Government from time to time; (g) "Other Backward Classes" means any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens as declared by the Government and includes Other Backward Classes declared by the Government of India in relation to the State of ; (h) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules framed by the Government under this Act; (i) "public services and posts" means the services and posts in connection with the affairs of the State and includes services and posts in (i) a local authority; (ii) a co-operative society established under the Maharashtra Co-operative Societies Act, 1960 (Mah. XXIV of 1961), in which Government is a shareholder; (iii) a Board or a Corporation or a statutory body established by or under a Central or a State Act which is owned and controlled by the Government, or a Government company as defined in section 617 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956); (iv) an educational institution owned and controlled by the Government, which receives grant-in -aid from the Government including a university established by or under a Maharashtra Act; (v) any establishment; and (vi) respect of which reservation was applicable by Government orders on the date of commencement of this Act and which are not covered under sub-clauses (i) to (v); (j) "recruitment year" means the English calendar year during which the recruitment is actually made; (k) "reservation" means the reservation of post in the services for the members of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Special Backward Category and Other Backward Classes; (l) "Scheduled Castes" and "Scheduled Tribes" shall have the meanings, respectively assigned to them in the Clauses (24) and (25) of Article 366 of the Constitution of India; (m) "Special Backward Category" means socially and educationally backward classes of citizens declared as a Special Backward Category by the Government. 3. Applicability :- (1) This Act shall apply to all the appointments made in public services and posts except, (a) the super specialised posts in Medical, Technical and Educational field; (b) the posts to be filled by transfer or deputation; (c) the temporary appointments of less than forty-five days duration; and (d) the posts which is single (isolated) in any cadre or grade. (2) The State Government shall, while entering into or renewing an agreement with any establishment for the grant of any aid as provided in the explanation to Clause (c) of section 2, incorporate a condition for compliance with the provisions of this Act, by such establishment. 4. Reservation and Percentage :- (1) Unless otherwise provided by or under this Act, the posts reserved for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Special Backward Category and Other Backward Classes shall not be filled in by the candidates not belonging to that, caste, tribe, category or class for which the posts are reserved. (2) Subject to other provisions of this Act, there shall be posts reserved for the persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Special Backward Category and Other Backward Classes, at the stage of direct recruitment in public services and posts specified under Clause (j) of section 2, as provided below: Description of Caste/Tribe/Category/Class Percentage of vacancies or seats to be reserved. Provided that, Government may, by an order in the Official Gazette, provide that the percentage of reservation for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, De-notified Tribes (Vimukta Jatis), Nomadic Tribes, Special Backward Categories and Other Backward Classes, in all posts, shall be on the basis of latest census record of population of the, -- (i) State, in the case of State cadre posts, and (ii) concerned district, in the case of district cadre posts: Provided further that, the principle of "Creamy Layer" shall be applicable to all categories mentioned above except Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Explanation I .For the purposes of this sub-section the expressions De-notified Tribes ("A"), Nomadic Tribes (B), "Nomadic Tribes (C)" and Nomadic Tribes (D), shall mean such Tribes or sub-Tribes, declared by Government, by general or special orders issued in this behalf, from time to time, to be "the De-notified Tribes (A)", Nomadic Tribes (B), "Nomadic Tribes (C)" and Nomadic Tribes (D)". Explanation II-For the purposes of this sub -section the expressions "Creamy Layer" means the persons falling in the category of "Creamy Layer" as declared by Government in the Social Justice, Cultural Affairs and Sports Department by general or special orders issued in this behalf, from time to time: Provided also that, if on the date of coming into force of this Act, if any additional reservation is in force for the Scheduled Tribes in Thane, Nashik, Dhule, Nandurbar, Raigad, Yavatmal, Chandrapur and Gadchiroli districts for direct recruitment in Groups C and D posts, under any Government orders, such reservation shall continue to be in force till such orders are modified or revoked. (3) The reservation specified for the categories mentioned at serial numbers (3) to (6) (both inclusive) in the table under sub -section (2) shall be inter transferable. If suitable candidates for the posts reserved for any of the said categories are not available in the same recruitment year, the posts shall be filled by appointing suitable candidates from any of the other said categories. (4) In all posts at the divisional level or district level, the percentage of reservation occurring in a recruitment year in such categories of Group C and Group D posts as may be notified by the Government in this behalf, shall be maintained at such divisional or district level only. 5. Reservation in Promotion :- (1) The reservation in promotion shall be at all stages of promotions. (2) On the date of coming into force of this Act, if any Government orders providing for reservation for any posts to be filled by promotion, are in force, the same shall continue to be in force unless modified or revoked, by Government. 6. Carrying forward of reserved vacancies :- (1) If in respect of any recruitment year, any vacancy reserved for any category of persons under sub-section (2) of section 4 remains unfilled, such vacancy shall be carried forward upto five years in case of direct recruitment and three yeas in case of promotion: Provided that, on the date of commencement of this Act, if any Government orders regarding filling up the posts, in case of non-availability of Backward Class candidates are in force, such Government orders shall continue to be in force unless modified or revoked, by Government (2) When a vacancy is carried forward as provided in sub-section (1) it shall not be counted against the quota of the vacancies reserved for the concerned category of persons for the recruitment year to which it is carried forward: Provided that, the appointing authority may, at any time undertake a special recruitment drive to fill up such unfilled vacancies and if such vacancies remain unfilled even after such special recruitment drive then, it shall be filled up in the manner prescribed by Government. 7. Responsibility and powers of compliance of act :- (1) The Government may, by order in writing, entrust upon every appointing authority or any officer under such authority, with the responsibility of ensuring the compliance with provisions of this Act. (2) The Government may, in the like manner, invest the appointing authority or officer referred to in sub-section (1), with such powers or authority as may be necessary for such authority or officer to effectively discharge such duty assigned to such authority or officer, under sub-section (1). 8. Penalty :- (1) Any appointing authority or officer or employee entrusted with the duty or responsibility under sub-section (1) of section 7 who willfully acts in a manner intended to contravene or defeat the purposes of this Act shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to ninety days or fine which may extend to five thousand rupees, or with both. shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under this section except with the previous sanction of the Government or officer authorised in this behalf by Government. 9. Powers to call for records :- When it comes to the notice of the Government or is brought to its notice, that, any person belonging to any of the categories specified in sub-section (2) of section 4 is adversely affected, on account of non-compliance with the provisions of this Act or the Rules made thereunder or the Government orders in this behalf, by any appointing authority, it may call for such records and pass such appropriate order as deemed fit. 10. Representation in selection committee :- (1) The Government may, by order, provide for nomination of officers belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes in the selections, screening and departmental promotion committee for the purpose of selecting persons for appointment or promotions, as the case may be, to public services and posts. (2) The Government may, by order, grant such concession in respect of fees for any competitive examination or such other similar examinations or interviews, and relaxation in upper age limit as it may be consider necessary in favour of the categories of persons specified in sub-section (2) of section 4. (3) The Government orders in force on the date of commencement of this Act, in respect of concessions and relaxation including concession in fees for any competitive examinations or such other similar examinations or interview and relaxation in upper age limit shall continue to be applicable, unless modified or revoked, by Government. 11. Irregular appointments void :- Any appointments made, in contravention of the provisions of this Act shall be void. 12. Protection of action taken in good faith :- No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie against any authority or person for anything done or purported to have been done in good faith in pursuance of the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder. 13. Power to make rules :- (1) The Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, make Rules to carry out the purposes of this Act. (2) Every Rule made under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be, after it is made, before each House of the State Legislature, while it is in session for a total period of thirty days, which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session in which it is so laid or the session immediately following, both Houses agree in making any modification in rule or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, and notify their decision to that effect in the Official Gazette, the Rule shall, from the date of publication of such decision in the Official Gazette, have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be; so, however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done or omitted to be done under that Rule. 14. Provisions of this act to be in addition to any other law for the time being in force :- The provisions of this Act shall be in addition to and not in derogation of the provisions contained in any other Act, for the time being in force. 15. Savings :- The provisions of this Act shall not apply to cases in which selection process has already been initiated before the commencement of this Act, and such cases shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of law and Government orders as they stood before such commencement. Explanation.-For the purposes of this section, the selection process shall be deemed to have been initiated where, under the relevant service rules, (i) recruitment is to be made on the basis of written test or interview only, and such written test or the interview, as the case may be, has started, or (ii) recruitment is to be made on the basis of both, the written test and interview and such written test has started. 16. Power to remove difficulties :- (1) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the provisions of this Act, the Government may, on occasion arises, by an order published in the Official Gazette, do anything not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, which appears to it to be necessary or expedient for removing the difficulty: Provided that, no such order shall be made after the expiry of a period of two years from the date of commencement of this Act. (2) Every order made under this section shall be laid, as soon as may be, after it is made, before each House of the State Legislature. * * * * * [Top]

SOURCE:

http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/2004.08.html

KALIDAS SHINDE PhD Scholar,TISS [Top]

Biography of "BHANGYA BHUKYA"

Story

Introduction

I am an active historian from India and specialised in modern Indian history from undergraduate to Masters level, in the process developing a strong interest in the history of subaltern and marginalised groups whose history is largely neglected in mainstream history. I did my M. A. and M. Phil from Hyderabad Central University and Ph. D from University of Warwick, UK, on the topic of ‘Power, Subalternity and Identity: Making of the Lambada Community (a nomadic/pastoral community) in Hyderabad State’. I was Postdoctoral Fellow in 2010 at SOAS, University of London. My research interests are community histories, the effects of power/knowledge, governmentality and dominance on subaltern communities, particularly adivasis; the state and nationalism, and identity movements by forest and hill peoples in the nineteenth and twentieth century. I taught history at Osmania University from 1997 to 2010, and presently heading the Department of Social Exclusion Studies, The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad. I am also associated with adivasi (indigenous) people’s human right association in the state of Andhra Pradesh.  Among my recent publications are:Subjugated Nomads: The Lambadas Under the Rule of Nizams(Hyderabad:  Orient BlackSwan, 2010) and several articles in leading international social science journals. I am now working on histories of Gond community of Central India, particularly their encounter with British colonial state.




Kalidas Shinde

Social Sciences: Communication, Anthropology, and Sociology By Yogendra Singh

Social Sciences: Communication, Anthropology, and Sociology

 By Yogendra Singh


available on Google book

The Self Identity of the Global Nomads

The Self Identity of the Global Nomads
Agnieszka Trąbka, Jagiellonian University, Institute of Sociology, Department of Social Anthropology;
a.trabka@gmail.com


Many sociologists argue, that in the contemporary, globalized late-modern society the crisis of traditional
social structures and institutions, such as nation state, class, or even nuclear family may be diagnosed. It
has, undoubtedly, important consequences for the process of self-identity forming: it is no longer inherited. It
becomes a project, an obligation – it has ethic dimension since every decision one makes can be seen as
significant for the process of identity construction. In this context we can speak about individualization,
as an important characteristic of contemporary society. On the other hand, high mobility of people, money,
ideas or things results in a sense of unrootedness.
I would like to analyze the consequences of mentioned processes to the self-identity on the example of global
nomads (called sometimes third culture kids). According to David Pollock third culture kid ”is a person who
has spent a significant part of his or her developmental years outside his/her parents’ culture. The third
culture kid builds relationships to all the cultures, while not having full ownership in any. Although elements
from each culture are assimilated into the third culture kid’s life experience, the sense of belonging is in
relationship to others of the same background, other TCKs”. I shall try to describe a nomadic, unrooted self,
focusing on the ways continuity of self-identity is maintained and on the most important identity strategies.
As far as methodology is concerned I chose a biographical method, which seems to be a good solution if we
want to analyze a process of self-identity forming in a detailed manner.

Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988

http://www.moef.nic.in/legis/forest/forest2.html

THE BOMBAY PREVENTION OF BEGGING ACT, 1959

http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/f2214e0043383b63b2d1f3cf71a315bd/THE+BOMBAY+PREVENTION+OF.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=1362869004&CACHEID=f2214e0043383b63b2d1f3cf71a315bd

Videos on Pastoralism:International Conference on Future of Pastoralism

http://www.future-agricultures.org/plenary-videos

http://sites.tufts.edu/feinstein/program/sudan-environment-and-livelihoods http://sites.tufts.edu/feinstein/files/2012/06/Pastoralism-and-Pastoralists-in-Sudan-LB3-HY2.pdf http://steps-centre.org/2012/uncategorized/pastoralism-and-development-in-africa-dynamic-change-at-the-margins/

Acronyms ACORD Agency!for!Cooperation!and!Research!in!Development CAHWs Community!Animal!Health!Workers CHWs Community!Health!Workers CSOs Civil!Society!Organisations DFID Department!for!International!Development FIC Feinstein!International!Center IDPs Internally!Displaced!Persons MARF Ministry!of!Animal!Resources!and!Fisheries NDC Nomads!Development!Council! PAS Pastoralism!Association PU Pastoralists!Union RADA Relief!and!Development!Action SUCA Sudan!Camel!Association UNEP United!Nations!Environment!Programme UNO!RC/HC UN!Office!of!Resident!Coordinator/!Humanitarian!Coordinator

Nomadic People Journal

Nomadic Peoples Journal Full-text Archive: 1979-1997 Alternatively, download a full list from 1979-2010 as a PDF The Commission on Nomadic Peoples of the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES) is collaborating with the Ford Foundation to digitize, preserve and extend access to the journal of Nomadic Peoples. Back issues from 1979 to 1996 can be found below. Full-text for more recent issues can be found on the Berghahn website and we provide a complete table of contents as well. Nomadic Peoples, Number 39, 1996 "The Bedouin Market: the axis around which Beer-Sheva  developed in the British Mandatory Period" by Joseph Ben-David and Gideon M. Kressel  "Dynamics of camp formation among Pashtun nomads in west Afghanistan" by Bernt Glatzer  "Strategies of environmental adaptation and patterns of  transhumance of the Shuwa Arabs in Nigerian Chad Basin" by Ulrich Braukämper  "Socio-economic segmentation – Khot-Ail in nomadic  livestock keeping of Mongolia" by Bat-Ochir Bold  "Livestock ownership patterns among transhumants in  high-altitude villages of the central Himalayas" by Nehal A. Farooquee and Annpurna Nautiyal  "Dairy products and the role of the middleman" by  Mohammed Shunnaq  "Nutritional status of Sub-Saharan African pastoralists:  A review of the literature" by Daniel W.  "Ethnoveterinary knowledge in Sanaag region, Somaliland (Part II):  Notes on local methods of treating and preventing livestock disease" by Andy Catley and Ahmed Aden Mohammed  "Some traditional husbandry and ethnoveterinary practices of  the Messerya Humr Baggara transhumants of  southern Kordofan" by Ahmed S. El Wakeel and  Abuelgasim Yousif Gumaa  "Some recent publications on pastoralism in the  arid lands of western India (Rajasthan and Gujarat):  a review" by Michael J. Casimir  Nomadic Peoples, Number 38, 1996 "Introduction" by Georg Klute"Introduction" by G Klute  "Pastoralism and the state in Africa: Marginality or  incorporation?" by Victor Azarya  "Towards an understanding of the fate of modern  pastoralists: Starting with the state" by Daniel Bradburd  "The coming state. Reactions of nomadic groups in  the western Sudan to the expansion of the colonial  powers" by Georg Klute  "Nomads of Northern Kordofan and the state: From  violence to pacification" by Kurt Beck  "Peuls et état colonial dans le Borgou français/ Nord-Dahomey (1895-1940)" by Thomas Bierschenk "Saami reindeer pastoralism & the Norwegian  state, 1960s-1990s" by Robert Paine  "Local administration and Harasiis tribal authority  in the Sultanate of Oman" by Dawn Chatty  "Nomadic society, civil war, and the state in  Chad" by Peter Fuchs  Nomadic Peoples, number 36-37, 1995 "Ethnoveterinary knowledge in Sanaag region,  Somaliland (Part I): notes on local descriptions  of livestock and diseases and parasites" by Andy  Catley and Ahmed Aden Mohammed  "The veterinary system of the pastoral Pokot" by  Michael Bollig  "The Fulani model of sustainable agriculture:  situating Fulbe nomadism in a systemic view  of pastoralism and farming" by Wendy Wilson  "Women in dairying in the African Savanna: their  contribution to agro-pastoral household income in  the dry northwest of Nigeria" by D.J. Shehu and W.A. Hassan  "Farming and herding after the drought: Fulbe  agro-pastoralists in dryland central Mali" by Han van Dijk  "A pastoral women's economy crisis: the Fulbe in  central Mali" by Marjam de Bruijn  "The role of women in the changing family  and social organization of Ahamda pastoralists  (Central Sudan)" by Barbara Casciarri  "The Bedouin market – Corner stone for  founding of Be'er-Sheva: Bedouin traditions  about the development of Negev capital in  the Ottoman period" by G.M. Kressel and J. Ben-David  "Tribal schools of Iran: sedentarization through  education" by Soheila Shahshahani  "Studying nomads: an autobiographical  reflection" by Philip Carl Salzman  "The Bhotias: the disruption in lifestyle of  a nomadic community in the Indian central  Himalayas" by Subrat Sharma and H.C. Rikhari  Nomadic Peoples, Number 34-35, 1994 A Pastoral Land Crisis: Tenure and  Dispossession in East Africa "Introduction" by John G. Galaty, Anders Hjort af  -Ornäs, Charles Lane and Daniel Ndagala  Part One: National Debates: Theory and  Policy in Question "Pastoral territory and policy debates in  Tanzania" by Daniel Ndagala  "Land reforms and agrarian structure in  Uganda: retrospect and prospect" by Nyangabyaki Bazaara "Pastoral land tenure in Kenya: Maasai, Samburu,  Boran, and Rendille experiences, 1950-1990" by Elliot Fratkin  "The post-revolutionary rethinking of arid land  policy in Ethiopia" by Fecadu Gadamu  Part Two: Pastoralists and the State: From Dispossession to Resistance "Pastures lost: alienation of Barabaig land in  the context of land policy and legislation in Tanzania" by Charles Lane  "Pluralism and ethnic conflict in Tanzania's arid lands:  the case of the Maasai and the WaArusha" by Reuben Ole Kuney  "Ha(l)ving land in common: the subdivision of  Maasai group ranches in Kenya" by John G. Galaty  "Pastoral resources and conflicts in North-Eastern  Uganda: the Karimojong case" by Charles Ocan  "The alienation of land rights among the Afar in  Ethiopia" by Ayele Gebre-Mariam  "Struggle for the delta: Hadendowa conflict over  land rights in Sundan" by Hassan Mohamed Salih "Afterword: reflections on the pastoral land crisis"  by Philip Carl Salzman  Nomadic Peoples, Number 33, 1993 "Mongolian pastoralism on the threshold of the  twenty-first century" by Jeremy Swift and Robin Mearns  "Performance and management of natural  pasture in Mongolia" by S. Tserendash and B. Erdenebaatar  "Grazing management strategies as a factor  influencing ecological stability of Mongolian  grasslands" by Dennis P. Sheehy  "The role of ecological perception in indigenous  resource management: a case study from the  Mongolian forest-steppe" by María Fernández-Giménez  "Why Mongolians say sheep herders are lucky"  by B. Minzhigdorj and B. Erdenebaatar  "Attitudes to nature in Mongolia and Tuva: a  preliminary report" by Caroline Humphrey,  Marina Mongush and B. Telengid  "Changes in the nomadic pattern and its impact  on the Inner Mongolian steppe grasslands  ecosystem" by Ou Li, Rong Ma and James R. Simpson  "Territoriality and land tenure among Mongolian  pastoralists: variation, continuity and change" by Robin Mearns  "The changing significance of risk in the  Mongolian pastoral economy" by Guy Templer,  Jeremy Swift and Polly Payne  "Decollectivisation of the Mongolian pastoral  economy (1991-92): some economic and  social consequences" by Tomasz Potkanski  "The reform of livestock marketing in post- communist Mongolia: problems for a food  secure and equitable market development  " by Jerker Edström  "Patterns of mutual assistance in the Mongolian  pastoral economy" by Louise Cooper  "Mongolia's nomads build a new society again:  social structures and obligations on the eve of  the private economy" by Slawoj Szynkiewicz  "Migrant and ethnic integration in the process of  socio-economic change in Inner Mongolia, China:  a village study" by Rong Ma  "Social relations, networks and social organisation  in post-socialist rural Mongolia" by David Sneath "Issues in the demography of Mongolian nomadic  pastoralism" by Sara Randall  "Human nutrition in Mongolia: maternal mortality  and rickets" by Simon S. Strickland  Nomadic Peoples, Number 32, 1993 "Household energy consumption behaviour in a  pre-Saharan small town in Morocco" by Ali B. Najib "Relevance of mobility to rangeland utilization:  the Baggara transhumant of southern Kordofan"  by Ahmed S. El Wakeel and Mohamed A. Abu Sabah  "'The reward of life is death': warfare and the  Anyuak of the Ethiopian-Sudanese border" by Conradin Perner  "One medicine – practical application for non- sedentary pastoral populations" by David E. Ward,  Roger Ruppanner, Philippe J. Marchot and Jørgen W. Hansen  "Reindeer management in conflict and co-operation.  A geographic land use and simulation study from  northernmost Sweden" by Lennart Bäck  "Pastoral tenure problems and local resource  management. The case of Northern Senegal"  by Kristine Juul  "Origins and spread of pastoralism in Africa"  by Andrew B. Smith  "Where does the Hamite belong?" by Birgitta Farelius  Nomadic Peoples, Number 31, 1992 "The Role of Livestock in Rural Economy" by  Ann Waters-Bayer and Wolfgang Bayer  "'We must teach them to be peaceful': Mursi  Views on being Human and being Mursi" by David Turton  "East Pokot camel husbandry" by Michael Bollig  "Composition of camel diets in Central Somalia"  by Ahmed A. Elmi, T.L.Thurow and T.W. Box..  "Camel pastoralism in the Butana and Northeastern  Sudan" by B. Abbas, N. Chabeuf, G. Saint-Martin, P.  Bonnet, A. Millaird, H. Beshir and B.E. Musa  "Pastures in the feeding of dairy cattle in Uganda,  with particular reference to zero grazing" by Herbert S. K. Nsubuga  "Forage conservation and utilization" by Felix B. Bareeba  "Stocking rates and herd structures for sustainable  grassland utilisation in Uganda" by Francis M. B. Mbuza,  John Holmes, Rolf Beilharz and Rimmington Glyn  "The role of fire in pasture and rangeland management"  by Elly N. Sabiiti, John B. Wamara, Asaph A.  Ogen-Odoi and Ross W. Wein  "The importance of termites in rangelands" by Mary J. N. Okwakol  "Pasture mineral nutrition in Uganda" by William K. Ndyanabo  "Leucaena leucocephala as a multipurpose tree in  crop and livestock production systems" by Charles K. Ssekabembe  Nomadic Peoples, Number 30, 1992 "Transhumant Alpine Pastoralism in Northeastern  Qinghai Province: An Evaluation of Livestock Population  Response During China's Agrarian Economic Reform"  by Richard P Cincotta, Zhang Yanqing and Zhou Xingmin  "'The Land Is Yours': Social and Economic Factors in the  Privatization, Sub-Division and Sale of Maasai Ranches"  by John G. Galaty  "The Gabbra: Traditional Social Factors in Aspects of  Land-Use Management" by Daniel Stiles.  "Environmental Education for Sustainable Development  among the Nomadic Peoples: The UNESCO-IPAL  Experience in Northern Kenya" by Gufu Oba  "The Raika Dromedary Breeders of Rajasthan:  A Pastoral System in Crisis" by Ilse Köhler-Rollefson "Transhuman Pastoralism in Northern India: The Gujar  Case" by Pernille Gooch  "Cash from Camel Milk: The Impact of Commercial  Camel Milk Sales on Garre and Gaaljacel  Camel Pastoralism in Southern Somalia" by Urs J.Herren  "Somali Oral Poetry as a Vehicle for Understanding  Disequilibrium and Conflicts in a Pastoral Society"  by Mohamed Abdillahi Rirash  "NGOs, Pastoralists and the Myth of Community:  Three Case Studies of Pastoral Development from  East Africa" by Richard Hogg  Nomadic Peoples, Number 29, 1991 "Introduction: The Dromedary in the East African  Countries" by Tegegne Teka  "Livestock and Economic Differentiation in North  East Ethiopia: The Afar Case" by Ayele Gebre Mariam  "Traditional Husbandry Practices and Major Health  Problems of Camels in the Ogaden" by Abebe Wosene  "Camel and the Household Economy of the Afar" by Tegegne Teka  "Oasian Agriculture and Camel Harnessed Traction" by Denis Gérard  "Transformation of Camel Breeding in the Sudan" by M.E. Abu Sin  "Camel Pastoralism as a Food System in the Sudan:  Limitations and Changes" by Tag El Sir Ahmed  Mohamed and Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed  "The Camel Pastoral System of the Southern  Rashaida in Eastern Sudan" by Ilse Köhler-Rollefson,  Babiker E. Musa and Mohamed Fadl Achmed  "Pastoral Management for Protecting Ecological  Balance in Halaib District, Red Sea Province,  Sudan" by Babiker Abbas and Peter Tilley  "Livestock Production in Somalia with Special  Emphasis on Camels" by Ahmed A. Elmi  "Diseases of Camels in Somalia and Prospects  for Better Health" by Omar Sh. Aburahman  and Set Bornstein  "Food Production and Dryland Management:  A Somali Camel Research Agenda" by Anders  Hjort af Ornäs, Mohamed Ali Hussein and Christer Krokfors  Nomadic Peoples, Number 28, 1991 "The Al Wahiba: Bedouin Values in an Oil  Economy" by Roger Webster  "Control of Resources and Social Cohesion.  The Role of the Bedouin Domestic Group" by Ugo Fabietti "Changes in Land Usage by the Negev Bedouin  since the Mid-19th Century" by Gideon M Kressel,  Joseph Ben-David and Khalil Abu Rabi'a  "The Impact of International Wage Labor Migration  on Hawazma (Baggara) Pastoral Nomadism" by Barbara J Michael  "The Unmaking of Datoga: Decreasing Resources  and Increasing Conflict in Rural Tanzania" by Daniel K Ndagala  "Composition of Household Herds and Rendille  Settlement Patterns" by Eric Abella Roth and Elliot Fratkin  "Transhumant Goat Pastoralism in the High Sierra  of the South Central Andes: Human Responses to  Environmental and Social Uncertainty" by Lawrence A Kuznar  "Change and continuity in Nomadic Pastoralism on  the Western Tibetan Plateau" by Melvyn C Goldstein  and Cynthia M Beall  "Sami Ethnicity and Polity – Conflict and Compromise  Regarding Development in the North" by Tom G Svensson  Nomadic Peoples, Number 25-27, 1990 "Pastoralism and the State in African Arid Lands.  An Overview" by M A Mohamed Salih  "The Cow and The Crown. What African States Can  Learn from European and Scandinavian  Mismanagement" by Anders Hjort af Ornäs  "Pastoralists, Ranchers and the State in Nigeria and  North America: A Comparative Analysis" by Jerome  O Gefu and Jere L Gilles  "Pastoralists and the State in Tanzania" by D K Ndagala  "Government Policy and Options in Pastoral development  in the Sudan" by M A Mohamed Salih  "Levels of Identity and National Integrity: The  Viewpoints of the Pastoral Maasai and Parakuyo" by Arvi Hurskainen  "Wildlife Conservation, Ecological Strategies and Pastoral Communities. A Contribution to the Understanding of Parks and  People in East Africa"  "Pastoral Peoples and the Provision of Educational  Facilities. A Case Study from Kenya" by Anders Närman  "Getting the most out of it: Nomadic Health  Care Seeking and the State in Southern Somalia"  by Bernhard Helander  "Household Viability and Change among the Tugens.  A Case Study of Household Resource Allocation in the  Semi-arid Baringo District" by Pål Vedeld  Nomadic Peoples, Number 24, 1987 "Patterns of Transformation and Local Self-Determination:  Ethnopower and the Larger Society in the North, the Sami  Case" by Tom G. Svensson  "The Harasiis: Pastoralists in a Petroleum Exploited  Environment" by Dawn Chatty  "The Educational System of the Israeli Negev Bedouin"  by Avinoam Meir and Dov Barnea  "Development and Traditional Pastoralism in Somalia"  by Abdulkadir A Handulle and Charles W.Gay "From Nomads to Dairymen: Two Gujarati Cases"  by Philip Carl Salzman  Nomadic Peoples, Number 23, 1987 "The Adoption of Camels by Samburu Cattle Herders"  by Louise Sperling  "Grazing Reserves in Nigeria" by Moses O.Awogbade  "Property and Gender Relations among Twareg  Nomads" by Barbara A. Worley  "Labour Inputs and Time Allocation among the Afar"  by Ayele Gebre-Mariam  "Tribe, State and History in Southwest Asia: A Review"  by Daniel Bradburd  Nomadic Peoples, Number 21-22, December 1986 A special Issue on Peripatetic Peoples "Peripatetic Communities: An Introduction"  by Joseph C. Berland and Matt T. Salo  "Peripatetic Adaptation in Historical Perspective" by Matt T. Salo  "Les Slovensko Roma: Entre Sédentarité et  Nomadism" by Leonardo Piasere..  "Bulgarian Gypsies: Adaptation in Socialist Context"  by Carol Silverman  "East European Gypsies in Western Europe:  The Social and Cultural Adaptation of Xoraxané"  by William G. Lockwood  "The 'Monde du Voyage": French Carnival  Nomads' View of Peripatetic Society" by Oliver Lerch  "Reflections on the American Carnival and  Related Peripatetic Societies" by Marcello  Truzzi and Patrick C. Easto  "On the formation of a Niche: Peripatetic  Legends in Cross-Cultural Perspective" by Michael J. Casimir  "Peripatetics in Africa: A Glance" by P.T.W. Baxter  "Itinerant Tukolor Weavers: Their Economic  Niche and Aspects of Social Identity" by Roy M. Dilley "Service Nomads: Interim Masters of  Imperfect Markets" by David Nemeth  "Roles, Status and Niches: A Comparison of  Peripatetic and Pastoral Women in Afghanistan" by Aparna Rao  "Mobility-Sedentary Opposition: A Case Study  among the Nomadic Gadulia Lohar" by Promode K.  "Paryatan: 'Native' Models of Peripatetic  Strategies in Pakistan" by Joseph C. Berland  Nomadic Peoples, Number 20, March 1986 "Control and Allocation of Grazing Lands  among the Bedouin Tribes of the Negev" by Aref Abu-Rabia "Three Complementary Processes that  Alienate the Saami from their Land in  Sweden" by Hugh Beach  "Les territories pastoraux du delta  intérieur du Niger" by Salmana Cisse  "Control and Alienation of Territory  among the Bedouin of Saudi Arabia" by Ugo Fabietti  "The Concept of Territoriality among  the Rwala Bedouin" by William and Fidelity Lancaster  "Shrinking Pasture for Rajasthani  Pastoralists" by Phillip Carl Salzman  "The Demographic Study of Pastoral  Peoples" by Eric Abella Roth  "Computer Simulation in Pastoral  Nomadic Development" by Dan Boneh  Nomadic Peoples, Number 15, April 1984 "State Formation and Encapsulation of  Nomads: Local Change and Continuity  Among Recently Sedentarized Bedouin  in Jordan" by Joseph M. Hiatt  "Sedentarization of Negev Bedouin in  Rural Communities" by Joseph Ginat  "Heterodoxy and Reform Among the  Rashayda Bedouin" by William Charles Young  "Returning to Pastoralism: Three Cases  from the Negev Bedouin" by Dan Boneh  "The Transhumant Production System and  Change Among Hawazma Nomads of the  Kordofan Region, Western Sudan" by Joel M. Teitelbaum  "Some Probable Effects of Drought on Flock  Structure and Production Parameters in North  Western Afghanistan" by N. T. Clark  Nomadic Peoples, Number 16, October 1984 "Marxism and the Study of Pastoralists" by  Daniel Bradburd  "Cultural Perspectives on Nomadic Pastoral  Societies" by John G. Galaty  "Synthetic and Multicausal Approaches to the  Study of Nomadic Peoples" by Philip Carl Salzman  "Formalist Approaches to Pastoralism"  by Harold K. Schneider  "Theoretical Perspectives on Pastoral Women:  Feminist Critiques" by Jean Ensminger  "Pastoralism in Contemporary Development  Perspective" by Dan R. Aronson  Nomadic Peoples, Number 17, February 1985 "The Reindeer-Caribou Conflict in Nana Region  of Alaska: A Case Study for Native Minority  Rights Issues" by Hugh Beach  "The Impact of the Agrarian Revolution on  Nomadism of the Algerian Steppe" by Wolfgang Trautmann  "A la frontière du Nomadisme Mongol" by Gervais Lavoie  "The Effect of the 1973/74 Drought in Somalia  on Subsequent Exports and Registered  Slaughterings of Camels, Sheep, Goats and Cattle" by N.T. Clark  "Turkana Herds under Environmental Stress" by Jan Wienpahl  Nomadic Peoples, Number 18, June 1985 "Local Participation in Development Decisions: An  Introduction" by D.K. Ndagala  "Les unités de gestion pastorale: leur adaptation" Salmana Cissé  "Attempts to Develop the Hadzabe of Tanzania" by D.K. Ndagala  "Local Participation in Guiding Extension Programs:  A Practical Proposal" by Gufu Oba  "Are Nomads Capable of Development Decisions?"  by Philip Carl Salzman  "Patronage in Libyan Rural Development" by William Dalton  "Implementing Local Participation: The Niger Range  and Livestock Project" by Dan R. Aronson  Nomadic Peoples, Number 13, July 1983 "Desertification and Pastoral Development in  Northern Kenya" by Daniel N. Stiles  "A Reaction to Stiles" by Jere Gilles  "Peripatetic Strategies in South Asia: Skills as a  Capital among Nomadic Artisans and Entertainers" by Joseph Berland  "Labor Formations in Nomadic Tribe" by Philip Carl Salzman  "Education for Nomads" by Pauline Heron  Nomadic Peoples, Number 14, November 1983 "Production Rationales: The Commercialization  of Subsistence Pastoralism" by Roy H. Behnke, Jr333 "Re-stocking the Isiolo Boran: An Approach to  Destitution among Pastoralists" by Richard Hogg  "Water Resources and Livestock Movements in  South Turkana, Kenya" by Rada Dyson-Hudson and J. Terrence McCabe  "More on Camels and Desertification" by Daniel Stiles  Nomadic Peoples, Number 10, April 1982 "Overgrazing in Pastoral Areas: The Commons  Reconsidered" by Jere Lee Gilles and Keith Jamtgaard "A Critique of Ecological Models of Pastoral Land Use"  by Anders Hjort  "'Operation Imparnati': The Sedentarization of the  Pastoral Maasai in Tanzania" by D.K. Ndagala  "Mobile Pastoralists of Jammu and Kashmir: A  Preliminary Report" by A. Rao and Michael J. Casimir "Bedouin and the Oil Economy" by F Scholz  Nomadism and Desertification: A Case Study of  Northern Kordofan, Sudan by Erkki Viitanen  Nomadic Peoples, Number 11, October 1982 "Trois possibles pour les pasteurs saheliens" by  Jacques Bugnicourt  "'Les unités pastorales' : L'Elevage Transhumant  en question ou les questions posées par l'élevage" by Salmana Cissé  "Segmentary Lineage Theory and Sheikhanzai  Practice" by Bahram Tavakolian  Comment on "Segmentary Lineage Theory and  Sheikhanzai practice" by Asen Balikci  "Commercial Strategies, Drought and Monetary  Pressure: Wo'daa'be Nomads of Tanout Arrondissement,  Niger" by John Sutter  Nomadic Peoples, Number 12, February 1983 "The Political Ecology of Refuge Area Warriors: Some  Implications for Pastoral Nomads" by Christopher Boehm  "Cyclical Adaptations on Variable Cultural Frontiers" by Peter M. Gardner  "Women's Participation in Pastoral Economy: Income  Maximization among the Rendille" by Anne W. Beaman  "Meshamas – The Outcast in Bedouin Society" by Joseph Ginat  Newsletter, Number 8, May 1981 "Recent Research on Nomadic Peoples: Contributions  from the German Democratic Republic" by Lother Stein  "The Settlement of the Kazakh Nomads" by Martha Brill Olcott  "The Other Nomads of South Persia: The Baraftowi  Koohaki of Jahrom" by Rostam Pourzal  Newsletter, Number 9, September 1981 "Nomadism as Ideological Expression: the Case of the  Gomal Nomads" by Akbar S. Ahmed  "L'avenir du pastoralisme dans le delta central du Niger  (Mali): agriculture, elevage ou agro-pastoralisme?" by Salmane Cissé  "The Collectivization of Mongolia's Pastoral Production"  by Daniel Rosenberg  Newsletter, Number 7, 1980 “Toward a General Theory of Pastoralism and Social  Stratification” by Rada Dyson-Hudson  “The Size of Herds among Pastoral Nomads” by A. M. Khazanov  “Kinsmen and Comrades: Towards a Class Analysis of  the Somali Pastoral Sector” by Dan R. Aronson  Whole Issues, 1979-1980 Newsletter of the Commission on Nomadic Peoples  ]Number 4, September 1979  Newsletter of the Commission on Nomadic Peoples  Number 5, January 1980

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